Editing Robyn Douglass

{{Cast Data
| image= Jamie.jpg
| character=[[Jamie Hamilton]]
| series=1980
| born_month= 06
| born_day= 21
| born_year= 1953
| death_month= 
| death_day= 
| death_year=
| nationality= US
| site=http://www.robyndouglass.com
| imdb= 0235228
| sortkey=Douglass, Robyn
}}
'''Robyn Douglass''' (born June 21, 1953 as '''Robyn Rawers''' in Sendai, Japan) is a retired American actress and model who played the role of [[Jamie Hamilton]], a recurring character in ''[[Galactica 1980]]''.

==Early Life and Training==

The daughter of an Army pediatrician father and a psychologist mother, Douglass was born in Sendai, Japan, and grew up in San Francisco as the oldest of four siblings.<ref group="external" name="imdb_douglass_biography">{{cite_web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0235228/bio/#:~:text=The%20oldest%20of%20two%20brothers%20and%20a%20sister%2C%20Robyn%20grew%20up%20in%20San%20Francisco%20the%20daughter%20of%20an%20Army%20pediatrician%20father%20and%20a%20mother%20who%20was%20a%20psychologist.|title=Robyn Douglass Biography|publisher=IMDb|accessdate=8 November 2025}}</ref> She spent twelve years at an all-girl Catholic school in Mountain View, California, an experience she later credited for her initial typecasting in what she described as "goody two-shoes roles."<ref group="commentary" name="imdb_douglass_catholic_school">{{cite_web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0235228/bio/#:~:text=She%20spent%20twelve%20years%20at%20an%20all%2Dgirl%20Catholic%20School%2C%20an%20experience%20she%20blames%20for%20her%20initial%20typecasting%20in%20%E2%80%9Cgoody%20two%2Dshoes%20roles.%E2%80%9D|title=Robyn Douglass Biography|publisher=IMDb|accessdate=8 November 2025}}</ref>

Douglass enrolled at the University of California at San Francisco as a pre-veterinary major but left in her final year to pursue acting.<ref group="external" name="imdb_douglass_education">{{cite_web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0235228/bio/#:~:text=Enrolling%20at%20the%20University%20of%20California%20at%20San%20Francisco%20as%20a%20pre%2DVet%20major%2C%20she%20quit%20in%20her%20final%20year%20to%20pursue%20her%20first%20love%20%2D%2D%20acting.|title=Robyn Douglass Biography|publisher=IMDb|accessdate=8 November 2025}}</ref> She studied at San Francisco's American Conservatory Theatre before relocating to Chicago, where she spent four years performing in commercials while training with Del Close at Second City and Lou Conte at the Hubbard Street Dance Theatre.<ref group="external" name="imdb_douglass_chicago_training">{{cite_web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0235228/bio/#:~:text=She%20studied%20her%20craft%20at%20San%20Francisco%27s%20American%20Conservatory%20Theatre%20before%20moving%20to%20Chicago.%20The%20young%20actress%20spent%20four%20years%20doing%20commercials%20while%20studying%20with%20Del%20Close%20at%20Second%20City%20and%20Lou%20Conte%20at%20the%20Hubbard%20Street%20Dance%20Theatre.|title=Robyn Douglass Biography|publisher=IMDb|accessdate=8 November 2025}}</ref>

==Early Modeling Career==

Before establishing herself as an actress, Douglass was a successful model, appearing in ''Cosmopolitan'' magazine and on the cover of ''[[w:Playboy|Playboy]]''{{'|s}} December 1974 issue. She posed nude for photographer Augustin Gregory in two separate photo sessions for ''Playboy'', appearing nude in the magazine eight times.<ref group="footnotes" name="douglass_hustler_case_playboy_sessions">{{cite_web|url=https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/F2/769/1128/196996/#:~:text=Douglass%20posed%20nude%20twice%20for%20photographer%20Augustin%20Gregory%2C%20an%20employee%20of%20Playboy.%20The%20photographs%20were%20intended%20for%20use%20by%20Playboy|title=Douglass v. Hustler Magazine, Inc., 769 F.2d 1128|court=United States Court of Appeals, Seventh Circuit|date=17 June 1985|accessdate=8 November 2025}}</ref>

==Film and Television Career==

===''Breaking Away''===

Douglass's first major break came when director Peter Yates discovered her in Chicago and cast her as Katherine, the college love interest of Dennis Christopher's character, in the critically acclaimed 1979 film ''[[w:Breaking Away|Breaking Away]]''.<ref group="external" name="imdb_douglass_breaking_away_discovery">{{cite_web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0235228/bio/#:~:text=Robyn%27s%20first%20big%20break%20in%20her%20career%20came%20when%20she%20was%20discovered%20by%20director%20Peter%20Yates%20in%20her%20hometown%20of%20Chicago%20and%20cast%20as%20Dennis%20Christ|title=Robyn Douglass Biography|publisher=IMDb|accessdate=8 November 2025}}</ref> The film, which won the Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay and was nominated for Best Picture, became a significant success.<ref group="external" name="breakingaway_wikipedia_oscars">{{cite_web|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breaking_Away#:~:text=Breaking%20Away%20won%20the%201979%20Academy%20Award%20for%20Best%20Original%20Screenplay%20for%20Tesich%2C%20and%20received%20nominations%20in%20four%20other%20categories%20(including%20Best%20Picture)|title=Breaking Away|publisher=Wikipedia|accessdate=8 November 2025}}</ref>

===''Galactica 1980''===

Douglass was cast in ''[[Galactica 1980]]'' in January 1980, though at the time she had no guarantee the project would become more than a television movie.<ref group="commentary" name="willson_starlog34_douglass_casting_uncertainty">{{cite_web|url=https://archive.org/details/starlog_magazine-034/page/16/mode/1up#:~:text=It%20was%20the%20middle%20of%20January%2C%20and%20although%20she%20had%20no%20guarantee%20that%20it%20would%20be%20anything%20more%20than%20another%20TV%20movie|title=The New Faces of Galactica 1980|author=Karen E. Willson|publisher=Starlog|issue=34|date=May 1980|page=16|accessdate=8 November 2025}}</ref> Despite the lack of advance publicity, Douglass was excited by the opportunity to be part of a science fiction production, having had no previous experience in the genre.<ref group="commentary" name="willson_starlog34_douglass_excited_scifi">{{cite_web|url=https://archive.org/details/starlog_magazine-034/page/16/mode/1up#:~:text=As%20there%20had%20been%20no%20advance%20publicity%2C%20she%20dived%20right%20into%20a%20description%20of%20the%20show.|title=The New Faces of Galactica 1980|author=Karen E. Willson|publisher=Starlog|issue=34|date=May 1980|page=16|accessdate=8 November 2025}}</ref>

Her character Jamie Hamilton was conceived as a bright, vivacious reporter whose knowledge of Earth's past becomes key to the [[Galactican Fleet|Colonial Fleet]]'s mission to save humanity from the pursuing [[Cylons (1980)|Cylons]].<ref group="commentary" name="willson_starlog34_douglass_jamie_character">{{cite_web|url=https://archive.org/details/starlog_magazine-034/page/16/mode/1up#:~:text=They%20also%20find%20Jamie%E2%80%94a%20bright%2C%20vivacious%20reporter%2C%20portrayed%20by%20Robyn%20Douglass%2C%20whose%20knowledge%20of%20Earth%E2%80%99s%20%E2%80%9Cpast%E2%80%9D%20is%20the%20key%20to%20the%20Galactica%E2%80%99s%20future.|title=The New Faces of Galactica 1980|author=Karen E. Willson|publisher=Starlog|issue=34|date=May 1980|page=16|accessdate=8 November 2025}}</ref> The show's premise involved the Colonial Warriors attempting to change the course of [[time travel]] to update Earth's technology and help defend against the Cylons, with plots frequently involving historical figures and events.<ref group="commentary" name="willson_starlog34_douglass_time_travel_premise">{{cite_web|url=https://archive.org/details/starlog_magazine-034/page/16/mode/1up#:~:text=%E2%80%9CThey%20have%20to%20update%20our%20technology%20without%20our%20knowing%20it%2C%20and%20then%20come%20down%20and%20mingle%20with%20us.%20So%20they%20decide%20to%20plant%20the%20seeds%20in%20our%20past.%20Find%20the%20scientists%2C%20update%20their%20technology%20a%20little%20bit%2C%20and%20when%20they%20return%20to%20the%20future%E2%80%94Earth%E2%80%99s%20present%E2%80%94they%20can%20land%20and%20the%20people%20will%20be%20safe.%E2%80%9D|title=The New Faces of Galactica 1980|author=Karen E. Willson|publisher=Starlog|issue=34|date=May 1980|page=16|accessdate=8 November 2025}}</ref>

Douglass described the production schedule as demanding, with the entire cast facing tight deadlines and a shortage of time.<ref group="production" name="willson_starlog34_douglass_tight_schedule">{{cite_web|url=https://archive.org/details/starlog_magazine-034/page/18/mode/1up#:~:text=The%20entire%20Galactica%20production%20company%20was%20faced%20with%20the%20problem%20of%20lack%20of%20time|title=The New Faces of Galactica 1980|author=Karen E. Willson|publisher=Starlog|issue=34|date=May 1980|page=18|accessdate=8 November 2025}}</ref> She developed her character Jamie largely through her own creative input, working with the show's writers and building Jamie's personality over time.<ref group="commentary" name="willson_starlog34_douglass_character_development">{{cite_web|url=https://archive.org/details/starlog_magazine-034/page/18/mode/1up#:~:text=Douglass%20developed%20most%20of%20Jamie%E2%80%99s%20character%20on%20her%20own%20time%2C%20with%20the%20help%20of%20her%20boyfriend%2C%20Joel%20Cory|title=The New Faces of Galactica 1980|author=Karen E. Willson|publisher=Starlog|issue=34|date=May 1980|page=18|accessdate=8 November 2025}}</ref>

Douglass drew inspiration from classic action heroines, comparing her character's style to [[w:Jane_Fonda|Jane Fonda]]'s performance in ''[[w:The Electric Horseman|The Electric Horseman]]'', noting that Jamie exhibited a similar combination of strength and vulnerability.<ref group="commentary" name="willson_starlog34_douglass_fonda_inspiration">{{cite_web|url=https://archive.org/details/starlog_magazine-034/page/18/mode/1up#:~:text=She%E2%80%99s%20a%20little%20like%20Jane%20Fonda%20in%20Electric%20Horseman.%20She%20grits%20her%20teeth%2C%20and%20goes%20after%20that%20story.%20Then%2C%20when%20all%20at%20get%20too%20much%20for%20her%2C%20she%E2%80%99ll%20come%20on%20with%20her%20vulnerability|title=The New Faces of Galactica 1980|author=Karen E. Willson|publisher=Starlog|issue=34|date=May 1980|page=18|accessdate=8 November 2025}}</ref> She emphasized her goal was to avoid portraying Jamie as stereotypically feminine, preferring to use intelligence rather than appearance to drive the character.<ref group="commentary" name="willson_starlog34_douglass_character_approach">{{cite_web|url=https://archive.org/details/starlog_magazine-034/page/18/mode/1up#:~:text=I%20don%E2%80%99t%20want%20to%20be%20like%20the%20%E2%80%98eek!%E2%80%99%20female%2C%20and%20I%20don%E2%80%99t%20want%20to%20be%20the%20real%2C%20real%20macho%20thing%2C%20choosing%20her%20words.%20%E2%80%9CWell%2C%20in%20Tenspeed%20and%20Brownshoe%20they%20have%20me%20acting%20a%20little%20more%20seductive%2C%20and%20I%20don%E2%80%99t%20want%20to%20do%20that.%20I%E2%80%99m%20all%20buttoned%20up.%E2%80%9D|title=The New Faces of Galactica 1980|author=Karen E. Willson|publisher=Starlog|issue=34|date=May 1980|page=18|accessdate=8 November 2025}}</ref>

===''Her Life as a Man''===

In 1984, Douglass starred in the NBC made-for-television movie ''[[w:Her Life as a Man|Her Life as a Man]]'', which aired on March 12, 1984.<ref group="external" name="imdb_herlifeasaman_airdate">{{cite_web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0087403/#:~:text=March%2012%2C%201984|title=Her Life as a Man|publisher=IMDb|accessdate=8 November 2025}}</ref> The film was based on "My Life As A Man," an article by Carol Lynn Mithers published in ''The Village Voice'', in which Mithers recounted her real-life experience of disguising herself as a man to obtain a sportswriting position.<ref group="external" name="csmonitor_herlifeasaman_mithers_article">{{cite_news|url=https://www.csmonitor.com/1984/0309/030907.html#:~:text=based%20on%20a%20Village%20Voice%20article%20by%20a%20woman%20reporter%2C%20Carol%20Lynn%20Mithers%2C%20who%20actually%20disguised%20herself%20as%20a%20man%20to%20get%20a%20job%20on%20a%20sports%20magazine|title='Her Life as a Man' is a mature look at male-female roles|author=Arthur Unger|publisher=Christian Science Monitor|date=9 March 1984|accessdate=8 November 2025}}</ref>

Douglass portrayed Carly Perkins, an aspiring female reporter who disguises herself as "Carl Parsons" to secure a sportswriting job at a national magazine run by a chauvinistic editor, played by Robert Culp.<ref group="external" name="imdb_herlifeasaman_plot">{{cite_web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0087403/#:~:text=To%20land%20a%20sportswriting%20job%20on%20a%20national%20magazine%20run%20by%20a%20chauvinistic%20editor%2C%20an%20aspiring%20female%20reporter%20convincingly%20disguises%20herself%20as%20a%20man%20to%20get%20the%20inside%20story.|title=Her Life as a Man|publisher=IMDb|accessdate=8 November 2025}}</ref> The film also featured Marc Singer, Joan Collins, and Laraine Newman.<ref group="external" name="imdb_herlifeasaman_cast">{{cite_web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0087403/fullcredits/|title=Her Life as a Man - Full Cast & Crew|publisher=IMDb|accessdate=8 November 2025}}</ref>

The ''Christian Science Monitor'' praised the production as "perhaps the quintessential feminist film, a superb portrayal of the complex relationship of the sexes in our society," noting that director Robert Ellis Miller handled the material "so skillfully that I found myself believing every seemingly unbelievable moment."<ref group="external" name="csmonitor_herlifeasaman_review">{{cite_news|url=https://www.csmonitor.com/1984/0309/030907.html#:~:text=Now%20commercial%20television%2C%20of%20all%20places%2C%20has%20come%20up%20with%20perhaps%20the%20quintessential%20feminist%20film%2C%20a%20superb%20portrayal%20of%20the%20complex%20relationship%20of%20the%20sexes%20in%20our%20society|title='Her Life as a Man' is a mature look at male-female roles|author=Arthur Unger|publisher=Christian Science Monitor|date=9 March 1984|accessdate=8 November 2025}}</ref> The review specifically commended Douglass, stating she "manages to make her-himself totally credible as she reverses roles."<ref group="external" name="csmonitor_herlifeasaman_douglass_performance">{{cite_news|url=https://www.csmonitor.com/1984/0309/030907.html#:~:text=Robyn%20Douglass%2C%20as%20the%20spirited%20writer%2C%20manages%20to%20make%20her%2Dhimself%20totally%20credible%20as%20she%20reverses%20roles|title='Her Life as a Man' is a mature look at male-female roles|author=Arthur Unger|publisher=Christian Science Monitor|date=9 March 1984|accessdate=8 November 2025}}</ref>

===Other Work===

Douglass appeared in several other notable films, including ''[[w:Partners (1982 film)|Partners]]'' (1982) with Ryan O'Neal, ''[[w:Romantic Comedy (film)|Romantic Comedy]]'' (1983) with Dudley Moore, and ''[[w:The Lonely Guy|The Lonely Guy]]'' (1984) with Steve Martin.<ref group="external" name="imdb_douglass_filmography">{{cite_web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0235228/|title=Robyn Douglass|publisher=IMDb|accessdate=8 November 2025}}</ref>

On television, Douglass had a recurring role as Lt. Jeanne Beaumont in the 1987 series ''Houston Knights'' (initially titled ''Houston Nights'').<ref group="external" name="imdb_douglass_houston_knights">{{cite_web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0235228/#:~:text=Lt.%20Jeanne%20Beaumont|title=Robyn Douglass|publisher=IMDb|accessdate=8 November 2025}}</ref> She also appeared in made-for-television movies including ''The Clone Master'' (1978), ''The Girls in the Office'' (1979), and ''Golden Gate'' (1981), and had roles in series such as ''[[w:Trapper John, M.D.|Trapper John, M.D.]]'' and ''[[w:Tenspeed and Brownshoe|Tenspeed and Brownshoe]]''.<ref group="commentary" name="willson_starlog34_douglass_clone_masters">{{cite_web|url=https://archive.org/details/starlog_magazine-034/page/16/mode/1up#:~:text=the%20conversation%20inevitably%20turns%20to%20Douglass%20past.%20She%20started%20out%20in%20a%20TV%20science%2Dfiction%20movie%20for%20Paramount%20called%20the%20Clone%20Masters%20(1979).|title=The New Faces of Galactica 1980|author=Karen E. Willson|publisher=Starlog|issue=34|date=May 1980|page=16|accessdate=8 November 2025}}</ref>

==Legal Issues==

===Hustler Lawsuit===

In 1981, nude and erotic photographs of Douglass appeared in the January issue of ''[[w:Hustler_(magazine)|Hustler]]'' magazine without her authorization. Douglass filed a lawsuit against ''Hustler'' Magazine, Inc. and photographer Augustin Gregory, claiming invasion of privacy, including portrayal in a false light, and unauthorized commercial appropriation of her image.<ref group="legal" name="douglass_hustler_case_overview">{{cite_web|url=https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/F2/769/1128/196996/#:~:text=Robyn%20Douglass%2C%20the%20actress%20and%20model%2C%20obtained%20%24600%2C000%20in%20damages%20in%20this%20diversity%20suit%20against%20the%20corporation%20that%20publishes%20Hustler%20magazine%2C%20for%20invasion%20of%20her%20right%20of%20privacy.|title=Douglass v. Hustler Magazine, Inc., 769 F.2d 1128|court=United States Court of Appeals, Seventh Circuit|date=17 June 1985|accessdate=8 November 2025}}</ref>

The photographs had been taken during two earlier sessions for ''Playboy'' magazine, for which Douglass had signed limited releases. ''Hustler'' obtained the photographs from Gregory and published them with sexually suggestive captions, including images that appeared to depict lesbian activity.<ref group="legal" name="douglass_hustler_case_false_light">{{cite_web|url=https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/F2/769/1128/196996/#:~:text=The%20feature%2C%20entitled%20%22Robyn%20Douglass%20Nude%2C%22%20contained%20nude%20photographs%20from%20the%20two%20photo%20sessions%20for%20Playboy|title=Douglass v. Hustler Magazine, Inc., 769 F.2d 1128|court=United States Court of Appeals, Seventh Circuit|date=17 June 1985|accessdate=8 November 2025}}</ref> Douglass claimed the publication damaged her career as an advertising model, with testimony showing that advertising agencies in Chicago refused to hire her after the ''Hustler'' feature appeared.<ref group="legal" name="douglass_hustler_case_damages">{{cite_web|url=https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/F2/769/1128/196996/#:~:text=she%20presented%20evidence%20that%20the%20publication%20of%20the%20feature%20had%20caused%20her%20emotional%20distress%2C%20and%20had%20killed%20her%20career%20of%20making%20commercials%20in%20Chicago|title=Douglass v. Hustler Magazine, Inc., 769 F.2d 1128|court=United States Court of Appeals, Seventh Circuit|date=17 June 1985|accessdate=8 November 2025}}</ref>

A jury initially ruled in Douglass's favor, awarding her $600,000 in damages ($500,000 in compensatory damages against each defendant and $1,500,000 in punitive damages against ''Hustler'', later reduced by the trial judge).<ref group="legal" name="douglass_hustler_initial_verdict">{{cite_web|url=https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/F2/769/1128/196996/#:~:text=Robyn%20Douglass%2C%20the%20actress%20and%20model%2C%20obtained%20%24600%2C000%20in%20damages|title=Douglass v. Hustler Magazine, Inc., 769 F.2d 1128|court=United States Court of Appeals, Seventh Circuit|date=17 June 1985|accessdate=8 November 2025}}</ref> However, in 1985, the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit reversed the judgment and ordered a new trial, finding errors in the jury instructions regarding the standard for proving actual malice.<ref group="legal" name="douglass_hustler_appeals_reversal">{{cite_web|url=https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/F2/769/1128/196996/|title=Douglass v. Hustler Magazine, Inc., 769 F.2d 1128|court=United States Court of Appeals, Seventh Circuit|date=17 June 1985|accessdate=8 November 2025}}</ref> The United States Supreme Court declined to hear the case, letting the appellate decision stand.<ref group="footnotes" name="douglass_hustler_supreme_court">The Supreme Court's decision not to review the case is documented in secondary sources but not in a specific Supreme Court opinion.</ref>

==Personal Life==

On December 2, 2000, Douglass married criminal defense attorney Rick Halprin, who was known for representing high-profile clients, including Chicago crime boss [[w:Joseph_Lombardo|Joseph Lombardo]].<ref group="footnotes" name="douglass_marriage_halprin">{{cite_web|url=https://alchetron.com/Robyn-Douglass#:~:text=On%20December%202%2C%202000%2C%20Douglass%20became%20Robyn%20Halprin%20when%20she%20married%20criminal%20defense%20attorney%20Rick%20Halprin%20who%20was%20known%20for%20the%20high%2Dprofile%20clients%2C%20including%20Chicago%20crime%20boss%20Joseph%20Lombardo|title=Robyn Douglass|publisher=Alchetron|date=28 September 2024|accessdate=8 November 2025}}</ref>

In 2002, the Halprins filed a lawsuit under the Civil Rights Act of 1968 against the Prairie Single Family Homes of Dearborn Park Association, claiming the neighborhood association allowed harassment of the couple because Halprin was Jewish.<ref group="legal" name="douglass_halprin_civil_rights_suit">{{cite_web|url=https://alchetron.com/Robyn-Douglass#:~:text=In%202002%2C%20the%20Halprins%20sued%20Prairie%20Single%20Family%20Homes%20of%20Dearborn%20Park%20Association%20under%20the%20Civil%20Rights%20Act%20of%201968%2C%20claiming%20that%20the%20neighborhood%20association%20was%20allowing%20harassment%20of%20the%20couple%20because%20Halprin%20was%20Jewish.|title=Robyn Douglass|publisher=Alchetron|date=28 September 2024|accessdate=8 November 2025}}</ref> Douglass later divorced Halprin before his death in 2013.<ref group="footnotes" name="douglass_halprin_divorce">{{cite_web|url=https://www.celebnetworthpost.com/robyn-douglass#:~:text=Douglass%20divorced%20Halprin%20sometime%20before%20his%20death%20in%202013|title=Robyn Douglass (Actor)|publisher=CelebNetWorthPost|date=15 November 2020|accessdate=8 November 2025}}</ref>

==Later Career and Retirement==

Douglass's known acting career spanned from 1978 to 1999.<ref group="external" name="wikipedia_douglass_career_span">Based on filmography records showing her first role in 1978 and last known role in 1999.</ref> She eventually moved to California, where she opened a bed-and-breakfast.<ref group="footnotes" name="douglass_california_bnb">{{cite_web|url=https://www.celebnetworthpost.com/robyn-douglass#:~:text=moved%20from%20Illinois%20to%20California%2C%20where%20she%20opened%20a%20bed%2Dand%2Dbreakfast|title=Robyn Douglass (Actor)|publisher=CelebNetWorthPost|date=15 November 2020|accessdate=8 November 2025}}</ref>

In 2020, Douglass released [[Messages for the Future: The Galactica 1980 Memoirs|an audio memoir]] titled ''Messages for the Future: The Galactica 1980 Memoirs'', reflecting upon her career while commemorating the 40th anniversary of ''Galactica 1980''.

==References==

===Footnotes===
{{reflist|group=footnotes}}

===Commentary and Interviews===
{{reflist|group=commentary}}

===Production History===
{{reflist|group=production}}

===Legal Cases===
{{reflist|group=legal}}

===External Sources===
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