Editing Navigation in the Re-imagined Series

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{{RDM science series}}
In the [[Re-imagined Series]], the principles of spaceflight are taken seriously, in that all ships have a logical a process to move in all three axes of movement, and travel at reasonable speeds with methods that don't necessarily duplicate the fantasy flight principles seen in space fantasy, such as ''Star Wars''.

==Reaction Control Systems==
[[File:TRS - Act of Contrition - 7242NC RCS Thruster.jpg|thumb|[[Viper 4077]], erroneously showing tail number for [[Viper 7242]], fires a rear port [[RCS]] thruster during the [[Skirmish Over the Red Moon]] {{TRS|Act of Contrition}}.]]
In addition to their  [[Propulsion in the Re-imagined Series#Sublight propulsion|sublight engines]] used for interplanetary travel within a solar system, all ships have a centralized way to move the ship to port or starboard, and to yaw and rotate the ship. This requires the use of an RCS, a reaction control system<ref>In the movie, ''Apollo 13'', the Apollo command/service module's reaction control jets are violently activating to control the spacecraft after the famous oxygen tank explosion, which creates an uncontrolled jet for which the RCS tries to compensate.</ref>.

The reaction control system is designed to provide a spacecraft with guidance and steering. It has two main functions:

* Delivering small amounts of thrust in any desired direction or combination of directions
* Providing torque to allow control of rotation (pitch, yaw, and roll). 

Reaction control systems are typically used for:

* Attitude control during entry into an atmosphere until such time as conventional aerodynamic surfaces can be used
* Station keeping in orbit
* Close maneuvering and/or docking
* Orientation control (pointing the nose of the vehicle).

All Colonial vessels utilize RCS for maneuvering and station keeping, although the scale of the systems varies widely. 

* {{RDM|Viper}}s, [[Raptor]]s and all smaller craft use "cold" RCS systems, most likely utilizing either an inert gas or possibly a high specific-impulse [[Wikipedia:Hypergolic fuel|hypergolic fuel]] mixture
* Very large vessels such as [[battlestar]]s use strategically-mounted sets of very large fuel-burning thrusters, relying on the brute force of such systems to overcome inertia during maneuvers.

Like many other technologies, Cylon attitude control for small craft like [[Cylon Raider (RDM)|Raiders]] is similar or even identical to the Colonials {{TRS|Scar}}.

[[Basestar (RDM)|Basestars]] don't appear to have ''any'' RCS features. This may be an inherent design, as its Raiders and missile systems can be deployed in a 360-degree arc--that is, the basestar can deploy its offensive elements from any direction of the ship.

While basestars have no visible RCS, orientation can be achieved through other means.  For examples, reaction wheels use a spinning mass on a spacecraft axis to control attitude.  By spinning the reaction wheel in one direction, torque is generated and the spacecraft will rotate in the opposite direction, in accordance with Newton's laws of motion.  This system is used on real space platforms, such as the Hubble Space Telescope.  However, such systems generate relatively small amounts of torque and they tend to be used in situations where precise orientation takes priority over the need to change orientation rapidly.  

Basestars however, have a sublight propulsion system in addition to FTL drives. Basestars can be seen approaching the [[algae planet]] in the episode "[[The Eye of Jupiter]]". This capability can also be inferred from episodes like "[[The Captain's Hand]]" where a basestar is said to be retreating. Its nature however is unknown, as like with the RCS system, no engines are visible on the vessels.


==Distances and speeds in the Miniseries==

* '''''Galactica'' was approximately 335,540,340 miles from one of the Colonies, ostensibly [[Caprica (RDM)|Caprica]], at the start of the [[Miniseries]].'''

To reach this number, clues are taken from [[Billy Keikeya]], on ''[[Colonial Heavy 798]]'', enroute to the battlestar for its decommissioning ceremony. Keikeya tells [[Laura Roslin]] that he had sent a copy of her ceremony speech to President [[Richard Adar|Adar]] for review, but warns that there is a time delay of 30 minutes between ''Galactica'' and Adar's actual location, which is [[Epiphanies|confirmed]] as Caprica City, the seat of the Colonial [[Government]] <ref name="jack">President Adar's office on Caprica is confirmed in the second Season episode, "[[Epiphanies]]". Reinforcing this information, Roslin speaks by [[wireless]] to  "[[Jack]]," a fellow secretary or government official. Jack tells Roslin of the devastation near his location and Adar's speculated whereabouts and actions. Given that wireless transmission ranges in real-time conversation would limit Roslin to be able to speak only with Caprica (the nearest colony), Jack must be on Caprica, and likely in Caprica City to give him any ability to discuss the president's whereabouts.</ref>.

The speed of light (and of wireless transmissions) in vacuum is 186,282 miles per second. If President Adar sent a [[wireless]] message from Caprica to ''Galactica'' in an attempt to correct Roslin's speech, how long would it take the message to get there? Keikeya gives this answer: 30 minutes. This makes it possible to determine the distance using the equation: ''s = vt'' (or, ''distance = speed x time'')

::(3 x 10^8 m/s) ''(the speed of light)'' x 1800 s ''(30 minutes * 60 seconds/minute)'' = 5.4 x 10^11 meters ''or'' '''335, 500, 000 miles'''

Simplified, the wireless message travels over 335.5 million miles in 30 minutes to ''Galactica''.  This is approximately 3.5 [[w:Astronomical unit|astronomical units]], or 3.5 times the distance between Earth and our sun.

* '''''Colonial Heavy 798'' is traveling at a sublight speed of over 61,000,000 miles per hour to get to ''Galactica'' for the decommissioning ceremony.'''

Right after Billy Keikeya's conversation with Laura Roslin on her speech, the captain of ''Colonial Heavy 798'' speaks on the public address intercom of the [[Intersun|starliner]], telling the passengers how long their trip to ''Galactica'' will take: 5.5 hours. Assuming that the starliner has just left the neighboring space of Caprica and has reached its cruising speed, and given that we know ''Galactica''{{'|s}} distance from Caprica, we can determine ''Colonial Heavy 798's'' cruising speed with the same formula as above, now adjusted to calculate speed:

:5.4 x 10^11 meters ''(the distance in meters)'' / 19800 ''(5.5 hours x 3600 seconds/hour)'' =
:2.7 x 10^7 meters/sec, ''or'' '''61, 000, 000 MPH'''

While ''Colonial Heavy 798'' is moving very fast across space at 61,000,000 miles per hour on its [[sublight]] engines, this is only approximately 9 percent of the speed of light, so passenger liners do well in getting from place to place, or colony to colony. To give a real-world comparison, ''Colonial Heavy 798'' could fly from our sun to Earth in about 90 minutes. The light from the sun takes only 8 minutes to arrive on the Earth's surface.

Given the velocities involved, extremely high accelerations must be used to attain them in reasonable (usable) time frames involved for in-system transportation.  Such G forces would kill any humans involved unless some means of dampening them were employed.  Given that the technology to perform "space-folding"<ref>This nature of the jump technology is confirmed in the Miniseries podcast</ref> FTL jumps is also available, the technology to manipulate gravity would lie in the same area.

==Alternate  calculations for distances and speeds in the Miniseries==

This is an alternative to the above which assumes a thirty light minute distance. A time lag<ref>{{cite_web|url=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lag|title =Time lag/latency definition on Wikipedia}}</ref> or delay or latency, in the case of a communication signal occurs both ways. A thirty minute time lag in communication implies that the signal would take fifteen minutes to travel between the two creating a total lag of thirty minutes. In short: It takes thirty minutes for person one to send a message and get a reply 
back. This would alter the calculations made to the following.

-''Galactica''{{'|s}} distance from Caprica would be:  170,000,000 miles

(3 x 10^8 m/s) (the speed of light) x 1800 s (15 minutes * 60 seconds/minute) = 2.7 x 10^11 meters or 170,000,000 miles 

-The speed of ''Colonial Heavy 798'' would be 30,000,000 mph 

2.7x 10^11 meters (the distance in meters) / 19800 (5.5 hours x 3600 seconds/hour) = 
14,000,000 meters/sec, or 30,000,000 mph

-This makes the same assumptions as to the route of ''Colonial Heavy 798'' as the initial proposal.

==FTL jump calculations==

Based on deduction from information gleaned in "[[Scattered]]," a set of jump coordinates could either be given in [[w:Cartesian coordinate system|cartesian]] or [[w:Spherical coordinate system|spherical]] coordinates to specify a point in three-dimensional space. 

A possible algorithm for jump calculations would therefore necessitate first and foremost the determination of the exact location of the ship, relative to its intended point of arrival after the jump. This is done by identifying, fixing and triangulating several stars <ref name="tighquote"/>. Next, the ship's position relative to the intended point of arrival would be [[w:Point plotting|plotted]] on a three-dimensional coordinate system, using the ship as its [[w:Origin (mathematics)|point of origin]], i.e. (0/0/0).

Then, the positions of any known stellar bodies and other obstacles would have to be plotted on that coordinate system as well, in order to establish where to jump and where ''not'' to jump.

Finally, the point of arrival would likewise be plotted. The hard part in making a single jump over long distances, like to [[Ragnar Anchorage|Ragnar]] in the Miniseries, would therefore lie not so much in getting the jump drive to manipulate space properly, as in correctly figuring out where possible obstacles, such as stars, black hole or planetary bodies are located and then adjusting the direction of the jump accordingly, so as to land the ship in a clear volume of space.


==Triangulating the Colonies' "Actual Location" ==

[[File:Lagoonnebula.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Lagoon Nebula]]
In "[[Home, Part II]]," the [[Wikipedia:Lagoon Nebula|Lagoon Nebula]] appears in a holographic map in the constellation of Scorpio<ref>In the show, the nebula is placed in the wrong constellation. On Earth, the nebula actually appears in the constellation Sagittarius. The production team has acknowledged this as an error.</ref> in the [[Tomb of Athena]].

''Galactica''{{'|s}} location and the rough location of the Twelve Colonies of Kobol can be deduced with simple logic:
[[File:M42_scattered.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Orion Nebula(?), as seen in "[[Scattered]]". Actual [[Wikipedia:Hubble Space Telescope|Hubble Space Telescope]] image at bottom right]]  
The nebula is shown from the same vantage point as it would appear to an observer on Earth, yet the characters are able to recognize it. This suggests that the Colonies are on a line of sight "behind" Earth's solar system. Otherwise, the nebula would appear in a different shape and size as it is not a symmetrical object.

If one were to follow a straight line from the Lagoon Nebula to Earth, continuing the line through space would place ''Galactica'', and likely the Colonies, somewhere in the [[Wikipedia:Perseus Arm|Perseus Arm]] of the Milky Way galaxy.
The approximate distance between the Colonies and the [[Earth (RDM)#Earth: Home of the Thirteenth|First Earth]] must be slightly less than 2,000 light years since the journey of the [[Final Five]] took two thousand years travelling at near-light speed. For the same reason, the distance between Kobol and the [[algae planet]] (which is located somewhere between Kobol and the First Earth) cannot be greater than 1,000 light years since the [[Temple of Five]] was built 3,000 years ago, i.e. within a millennium of the exodus from Kobol {{TRS|No Exit}}. The distance between the [[Earth (RDM)#A New Earth: The Promised Land|real-life Earth]] and the Colonies are almost the same as the distance between the Ionian nebula to the Colonies {{TRS|Crossroads, Part II}}.

Most other celestial phenomena in the series are apparently fictional as the events of the series occur 150,000 years ago. Apart from the Lagoon Nebula (M8), the other real-life nebula shown is the [[Wikipedia:Orion Nebula|Great Orion Nebula]] (M42) which is briefly seen in the opening scene of "[[Scattered]]". Both M8 and M42 are large stellar "nurseries" that have existed for millions of years. M42 is 1,350 light years from Earth in the same general direction as Kobol and the Colonies. It is by far the brightest star forming region visible from Earth. The Colonies are located on the other side, hence the vantage point is totally different and the nebula would not be as easily recognizable as the Lagoon Nebula. The Orion Nebula undoubtedly harbors pulsars and dense young star clusters such as the [[Passage (star cluster)|Passage]]. However, nebulae ejected by supernova remnants dissipate after  ten thousand to a hundred thousand  years [http://curious.astro.cornell.edu/question.php?number=533] which means the [[Ionian Nebula]], [[Lion's Head Nebula]] and [[Eye of Jupiter]] cannot correspond to any real-life supernova remnant/planetary nebula visible today. 

[[File:Locations in BSG galaxy.jpg|thumb|center|730px|Image of Milky Way galaxy from [[Crossroads, Part II]] with the approximate relative positions and distances of the Colonies, Earth, Lagoon/M8 and Orion/M42 Nebulae indicated. The positions of Kobol, Lion's Head Nebula/algae planet are conjectural but they are likely located near M42. Earth is located in the general dirction of the Ionian nebula as seen from the algae planet. The thick green line indicates the approximate route from Earth to the Colonies via the Orion Nebula and Kobol/algae planet.]]
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==What happened in "Scattered"?==	 
			
[[File:jump calculations.jpg|thumb|left|Schematic Diagram showing the three different sets of jump coordinates]]	 
In "[[Scattered]]," ''{{RDM|Galactica}}'' and the [[The Fleet (RDM)|Fleet]] execute FTL jumps according to different sets of coordinates. As a consequence, ''Galactica'' has to jump back along its original jump vector, to the former point of origin of the two jumps, re-acquire new starfixes and calculate the Fleet's current position.	 

At first glance, this seems counter-intuitive. Since presumably both sets of jump coordinates are known to ''Galactica'', a simple triangulation of the two jump vectors would produce an alternative third set of jump-coordinates which would allow ''Galactica'' to jump to the Fleet directly. A possible explanation is as follows:	 

The [[emergency jump coordinates]] given to the civilian fleet aren't just an older set of correct coordinates. According to Colonel Tigh, in a conversation with his wife, jump calculations need to be regularly updated to compensate for stellar drift and the movement of the ships themselves. Lieutenant Gaeta was supposed to send the updated jump plots to the other ships but forgot to. <ref name="tighquote">Tigh: "Every watch we update our emergency jump calculations with new star fixes to compensate for inertial drift, and then we transmit them to the rest of the Fleet. This time ours were updated, but theirs weren't. Gaeta was supposed to transmit them to the rest of the Fleet." {{TRS|Scattered}}</ref> As a result, the Fleet jumped with a set of coordinates that didn't fit the local space-time conditions. The concept of a [[blind jump]] is introduced in the episode "[[Pegasus (episode)|Pegasus]]". While jumping with a wrong sets of coordinates probably isn't as risky as jumping with no calculations at all, the destination would still be unpredictable.
	 
''Galactica'' has the coordinates that the civilian ships used to make their jumps, but not their actual position. However, in a process that is largely unexplained, ''Galactica'' is then able to calculate their real location from the Fleet's emergency jump coordinates, as well as the newly acquired starfixes. This unusual procedure can also explain the abnormally long duration (several hours) of the calculations on the initially un-networked computers, compared to the relatively short amount of time jump calculations usually take.

==Sectors==

*[[Prolmar Sector]]
*[[Sector 728]]
*[[List of sectors (RDM)]]

==References==
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 Finally, the point of arrival would likewise be plotted. The hard part in making a single jump over long distances, like to [[Ragnar Anchorage|Ragnar]] in the Miniseries, would therefore lie not so much in getting the jump drive to manipulate space properly, as in correctly figuring out where possible obstacles, such as stars, black hole or planetary bodies are located and then adjusting the direction of the jump accordingly, so as to land the ship in a clear volume of space.
-== Astrometrics ==
-{{mainarticle|Astrometrics}}
-''Galactica'' has an astrometrics lab with optical and x-ray telescopes, that is used to acquire fixes on surrounding stars, which are then used in FTL jump calculations.
 ==Triangulating the Colonies' "Actual Location" ==