Editing Law of the Twelve Colonies (RDM)

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There are many legal precedents and laws that bound the [[The Twelve Colonies of Kobol|Twelve Colonies of Kobol]] together, as well as methods of trying people under said laws. This article highlights how the laws are treated by the Colonials before and after the [[Fall of the Twelve Colonies]].

== Articles of Colonization ==
{{mainarticle|Articles of Colonization}}

The Articles of Colonization are the Twelve Colonies' constitution and guarantee its citizens basics rights. They were ratified after the [[Cylon War]].

== Legal precedents ==

=== Amnesty, Pardons and Commutations ===

The President has the authority to grant amnesty and pardons, and may have a full range of options for extending executive clemency. Before the Cylon attack, President [[Richard Adar]] offers [[Tom Zarek]] a full pardon for his crimes if he will renounce violence; Zarek declines ("[[Bastille Day]]"). President [[Laura Roslin]] grants amnesty to humans in the Fleet who aided or cooperated with the Cylons on [[New Caprica]], ("[[Collaborators]]"), and Acting President {{callsign|Lee Adama}} grants amnesty to the Final Four humanoid Cylons ("[[Revelations]]"). 

The express language of the [[w:Pardons#Federal_law|U.S. Constitution]] confers upon the President the power to grant "reprieves and pardons". This language has been broadly construed to include "pardons, conditional pardons, commutations of sentence, conditional commutations of sentence, remissions of fines and forfeitures, respites and amnesties". Similar language in the [[Articles_of_Colonization|Articles of Colonization]] may explain Laura Roslin's decision to use the language "general pardon" to describe the amnesty she granted in "Collaborators".

=== Asylum ===

Citizens of the Colonies may ask for asylum from the military. [[Rya Kibby]], a 17 year old [[Gemenese]] woman, sought and successfully gained asylum from the [[Colonial Fleet (TRS)|Colonial Fleet]]'s highest ranking officer, Admiral [[William Adama|Adama]]. 

The result of asylum in Kibby's case was the successful abortion of her pregnancy, despite her parents' wishes {{TRS|The Captain's Hand}}.

=== Recreational drug use ===

Prior to the [[First Cylon War]], the Colonies passed legislation regarding the legalization of recreational drugs, such as [[opium]]. This came as a result of decades of fierce debate amongst the Twelve Colonies, which effectively removed the profit motive from drug runners and their ilk {{CAP|Gravedancing}}. Results of this legislation can be seen in the operation of opium dens on Caprica {{CAP|Reins of a Waterfall}}.

While the legislation regarding drug use is unspecified in the period following the [[Armistice]] and prior to the [[Fall of the Colonies]], legal consequences of recreational drug use are not available ("[[Unfinished Business]]," "[[Razor]]").

=== Reproductive Rights ===

The issue of abortion is left untouched by law until near the end of the [[Timeline - Season 2 (RDM)|first year]] of the exodus with the case of [[Rya Kibby]] and her unborn child.

Prior to its resurgence post-Fall, abortion is an issue heavily contested in the Colonies, despite its legalization. In particular, the [[Gemenese]] argue against the practice on religious grounds; [[Laura Roslin]] makes the claim that she has fought for women's reproductive rights for her entire political career, and would not concede to Representative [[Sarah Porter]]'s demands regarding Kibby.

As a result of population projections provided by [[Gaius Baltar]], which highlighted the necessity of repopulating the human species, Roslin overturned the abortion laws thus making it illegal for abortions to happen anywhere in the Fleet {{TRS|The Captain's Hand}}.

== Colonies' Rights ==

Each colony has their own laws as part of their autonomy from the federal government. For example, on Gemenon, children are legally owned by their parents until they are 18 years of age {{TRS|The Captain's Hand}}. 

Moreover, prior to Gaius Baltar's trial for collaboration with the Cylons, there is debate among the Fleet's leadership and judicial experts under which colony's law he should be tried. This implies the absence of a federal criminal code. The lack of a comprehensive law library of all colonies, but Adama having some of his [[Joseph Adama|father]]'s [[Arts and Literature of the Twelve Colonies#Law books|legal books]], may have resulted in the use of [[Caprica (RDM)|Caprican]] law {{TRS|A Day in the Life}}.

== The Cylons ==

Legally speaking, the Cylons (even in their [[Humanoid Cylon|humanoid]] form) are not considered people, and are therefore not afforded the typical treatment of enemy combatants.<ref>[[Ron Moore]]'s comments about [[Sources:Concurring Opinions Interview with Ron Moore and David Eick/Part 1-B#Cylon rights|Cylon rights]] from the Colonial perspective.</ref> 

Cylon prisoners have been subjected to torture and execution without trial ([[Flesh and Bone]], [[A Measure of Salvation]]).

The Cylon faction that allied itself with the Colonial fleet after the [[Cylon Civil War]] broke out insisted upon being made citizens in exchange for augmenting the fleet with their technology {{TRS|A Disquiet Follows My Soul}}. 

The allied Cylons were given a seat on the Quorum of Ships' Captains, filled by a Number Six named [[Number Six#Sonja|Sonja]]. They remained semi-autonomous, as evidenced by the fact that [[Sharon Valerii]] was released to them to be tried for treason against her own people {{TRS|Someone to Watch Over Me}}.

== Legal proceedings == 

[[File:BaltarTribunal.jpg|thumb|right|The tribunal presiding over Gaius Baltar.]]
Colonial law knows jury trials as well as tribunals. The right to a trial before a jury of one's peers seems to be guaranteed by the [[Articles of Colonization]] ([[Collaborators]], [[Taking a Break From All Your Worries]]). However, Gaius Baltar is tried by five judges, who are randomly selected from the Fleet's ships' captains ([[Crossroads, Part I]] & [[Crossroads, Part II|II]]). The confusion prior to Baltar's trial suggests that no serious civilian legal framework exists within the Fleet, at least on a federal level.

The prosecution and defense of the accused is conducted by attorneys and sometimes legal aides. <ref>Their methods and conducts largely mirrors modern American legal practices.</ref>

=== Courts-martial ===

In the [[Colonial Fleet (TRS)|Colonial Fleet]], violations against civil and [[Colonial Military Code|military law]] can be prosecuted by courts-martial.

For example, Admiral [[Helena Cain|Cain]] holds a court-martial to try [[Galen Tyrol]] and {{callsign|Karl Agathon}} for killing Lieutenant [[Thorne]] {{TRS|Pegasus (episode)}}. <ref>This trial differs significantly from real world practices in the United States. Cain holds a summary court-martial and sentences them to death by herself. In real life, a general court-martial is required for passing the death penalty, which then consists of five judges. Summary courts-martial have one judge, but only deal with relatively minor offenses and sentences. However, Cain's action might not have been legal under Colonial law, as she is also shown to have summarily executed her Executive Officer without trial for refusing to obey an order.</ref>
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== Presidential provisions ==

During the second term of President [[Laura Roslin]], she institutes various emergency and secret provisions for the survivors. Some of these are minor and hardly of notice, while others are potentially consequential to the civil liberties within the Fleet. 

Such provisions can be, and have been, challenged by the [[Quorum of Twelve (RDM)|Quorum of Twelve]] at their choosing and include the following:

; {{inlineref|Emergency Provision 17}} : Prevents [[Gaius Baltar]] and his [[Cult of Baltar|cult]] from assembling in groups larger than 12. This provision is enacted after a brutal attack on Baltar's Cult and its commune by the [[Sons of Ares]]. Roslin, treating Baltar as a "special case" for fear that Baltar would assume some modicum of political power and to prevent any violence he may allegedly agitate, enacts this provision without Quorum approval.  It is overturned by an emergency session of the Quorum, championed by Caprican delegate {{callsign|Lee Adama}} {{TRS|Escape Velocity}}.
; Unknown Provision : A provision authorized at the same time as Emergency Provision 17 deals with the repair of an elevator {{TRS|Escape Velocity}}.

== References =

{{reflist}}

[[Category: A to Z]]
[[Category: Colonial Government]]
[[Category: Colonial Government (RDM)]]
[[Category: Colonial Society]]
[[Category: Colonial Society (RDM)]]
[[Category: RDM]]

{{#related:Law of the Twelve Colonies (TOS)}}
{{#related:Joseph Adama}}
{{#related:Cassidy}}
{{#related:Romo Lampkin}}
{{#related:Articles of Colonization}}